Fashionable portal

At all times the wedding dress was the most desired dress for girls. And though its appearance differs during different epoch, it always symbolises pleasure and excitement. Today even more often brides in different corners of the earth postpone traditional national dresses and choose a wedding dress of the European sample. It is no wonder, after all it has the most dynamical development and rich history.

In the ancient world wedding attires of white colour presumed to themselves only brides-aristocrats, the others put on easier, but nevertheless, for a wedding dress more thin fabric which allowed the girl to look more graceful got out and is elegant. In addition to a dress used an ornament and a wreath on a head. In Ancient Rome an obligatory element of a wedding dress was flamenium - a thin coverlet which closed the bride from a head to feet, and except decorative function bore also symbolical - it meant chastity of the future wife. Obviously, the descendant flameniuma is the veil habitual for us.

The Roman dress has been improved in Byzantium: there were high-grade sleeves, at the dress was present mnogoslojnost - put on some clothes at once, one another. The same new female fashion from Byzantium has got to Ancient Russia. And up to XIX century Russian brides in day of wedding grandly put on a long shirt with wide sleeves, it - a sundress, over a sundress - dushegreju. On a sundress - a vertical strip with braids. Persons princely krovej necessarily put on a raincoat-cloak. Russian raincoat from heavy brocade with gold sewing looked the precious salary statnoj brides. Girls in Russia were statnymi, white-faced and ruddy. Wide, heavy, long clothes of a wedding dress defined a proud bearing and a manner to move. Under cargo of clothes the bride could not «go in marriage», it could act smoothly, is not bustling - as lebedushka. Along cheeks suspension brackets-cassocks - the ornaments attached to a wreath-hoop - to a headdress of the bride tinkled. Colour favourite and celebratory was red - on staroslavjanskom "beautiful" means. The traditional wedding Russian dress was abolished in 18th century by Peter I, and since then the European fashion has started to get into Russia - bows, ruches, frills. Primordially Russian scarlet wedding sundress could be seen only in remote places.

Wedding dresses and in Europe were red 12-14 centuries. The medieval European bride is fragile, almost incorporeal and spiritualised creation. It had sloping shoulders, narrow palms with long fingers and is unreal a narrow waist. How it was possible to it? The unearthly image bride XII-XIV of centuries has designed, certainly, by means of a dress. The waistline is lifted to a breast. The magnificent skirt from a wide belt under a breast falls soft folds, contrastly allocating a narrow top part of a silhouette - the bust which has been pulled together with a corset. The thin neck and a breast are bared by a deep peaked low neck. Cut became such deep, that it needed to be pawned an insert from the transparent embroidered fabric. The decollete hid in a fur edge. Fur - the squirrel or rare ermine, the dress bottom got off also. Sleeves were very narrow, closely fitted hands and often closed a brush. Plastic of the thin hand, the bared neck, the extended proportions is a Burgundian fashion - grace top. The image directed upwards (to 70 sm of height) came to the end with a peaked cap - geninom and twisted by the ground for newly married a loop. On a top genina the easy veil-veil which developed in time of wedding procession has been fixed and echoed a loop. The suit of the bride consisted of the bottom dress - kott, and top - sjurko.

Renaissance in a wedding fashion included naturalness, harmony, steadiness. Riches of a wedding dress - very important requirement. Richly should there was look a fabric with drawing. Richly embroidered jewelry a bodice. The picturesque treatment of light and shade of folds of a skirt was richly looked. The white atlas with mirror outflow was considered as the most beautiful and expensive. Girls from Venetian patritsiata married in dresses from silver brocade and the white atlas. Also a white satiny dress from above could put on a so-called top skirt of black colour. The top skirt at Italians is such raspashnoj a dressing gown without sleeves, with a high high collar. From under a black top skirt the satiny white bodice, a skirt of the bottom dress and white satiny sleeves were visible. Today ornaments of the bride from pearls seem natural. But the love of the European brides to pearls was vzlelejana Italians during the Renaissance epoch. To a white satiny dress very much there was a gentle blinking of pearls. Pearl threads twisted sleeves, pearl necklaces decorated a neck, pearls intertwined in plaits from hair more largely.

XVI century has transformed wedding dresses into «gold cages». In Spain XVI-XVII of centuries if the girl from society married, the court etiquette chained it in the clothes-case entirely tense on skeletons. The silhouette of such dress is extremely laconic. It reminds a sand-glass made of two cones. The waist is pulled together by inevitably narrow corset. The rigid fabric of a skirt and a bodice stretched on skeletons. And any fold, any hint on natural abris bodies. Sleeves too stretched on a skeleton, they were big and had the geometrical form. Finished parade geometrizma round white collar densely fitting a neck - mills or «a mill millstone», planted on a skeleton. Not bending back unnaturally lifted by a collar a head. The girl was the captive the metal, decorated jewelry of a cage. The beauty of a dress was estimated by quantity of jewels by which it has been covered. Such dress showed only itself - the power over a human body, and soul …

France invents new type of feminity. On change to unapproachable Spanish clothes the coquettish seductive dress of the Frenchwoman comes. The girl who has reached of age of the bride, starts to carry pane - the P-shaped skeleton for a skirt, very wide in hips and is tempting waving at walking. The bodice does not flatten a breast, and, on the contrary, depicts an oval line open enough decollete. Sleeves, narrow from above, at an elbow are scattered by the cascade of laces. The laces, which steels to make in XV century, become the most fashionable furnish. A dress bodice, a skirt, a hairdress laces decorate, buttonholes, garlands from artificial flowers, prisborennye tapes and set of small bows. Charm of the bride of XVIII century - playful artificiality. From under a skirt the shoe should look out, therefore skirts shorten. A shoe on a heel of the graceful form - a liqueur glass, on a shoe - rozetochka.

In the end of XVIII - the beginning of XIX centuries the fashion directs the sights in depth of history. Girls dream to be similar to the Greek goddesses. The wedding dress during the period till 20th years is, actually, a thin long shirt. The corset is rejected. The easy bodice with a deep decollete expressively outlines a breast. The short sleeve bares hands. The belt is lifted highly over a waist. Such stylised antique dress entered then in female clothes, brides dress and today, naming it “a dress of an epoch an empire style”. As well as antique, it frankly depicts body contours, underlining smooth flexible lines. At one this dress communicated with freedom and simplicity. Others named this fashion "nude". Say, hundred years to that in such kind there would be no also a woman of easy behaviour, not that that the bride. For a wedding dress used the favourite atlas. Over the atlas romantic dymkoj the gentle embroidered gas or other thin fabric, forming behind moderately long loop fell. To short sleeves small lamps as obligatory addition were served long, above an elbow, by gloves. On the hair laid in a Greek way, threw an easy veil. White colour - colour of marble of the Greek sculpture - is irreplaceable in wedding dresses. Though such dresses were economical in the expense of a material, the girl in them merzli. Therefore began to muffle up in the spacious shawls brought from Cashmere, - very expensive pleasure. The girl in such dress was easy and pensive, as if the fairy.

In the second half of the century the crinoline has been invented. The descendant of the Spanish hoops for skirts and French pane - only easier. On kolokoloobraznyj a skeleton from a whale moustache and flax put on a skirt from a thin fabric. A smooth, quiet surface of a skirt on a crinoline decorated flounces and tapes. With a flounce from a lacy collar framed the bared shoulders of the bride. The wide crinoline favourably underlined elegance of a waist. Therefore the corset has again entered into a fashion. Refined wedding dresses from the atlas with blondami were considered. Blondy - silk laces with shine of a golden shade. From the hair laid smoothly on whisky and ears let out pruzhinki ringlets. The corset, a deep breath - and an image of the princess in a wedding dress is finished. Both for women, and for men to carry gloves now - a good form rule. To a wedding dress with a long sleeve put on short gloves or mitts - gloves without fingers from a thin fabric with an embroidery. The crinoline allowed to do a skirt of the impressive sizes, but the skirt was easy. All around admired its air kolyhanem when the girl went or sat down in a celebratory fiacre to go to church. The crinoline of years ten was fashionable "navorotom", and in 70 it has replaced a bustle. Both a crinoline, and a bustle - inventions of the same person - the Englishman living in Paris, Charles Vorta, it is possible to tell, the first couturier and the founder of the first European House of a fashion. The bustle opticheski increased a back part of a skirt. In front the skirt - a straight line, and behind, hardly below a waist, is juicy increased by a skeleton or a small pillow. Any bustle did not do without flounces, frills and bows. From a waist they circles went down downwards and came to an end with a loop. The bride reminded the mermaid floating in waves of flounces and a loop. Hair decorated a wreath with a long white veil. Custom to carry a wedding wreath from colours it is old as the world, but in an official fashion has been entered into France only in XIX century. The wreath was called an orange blossom because did it of colours of a wild orange tree. Not dismissed buds alternated with leaflets and were a symbol of cleanliness of the bride.

In the end of XIX century the fashion again comes back to simplicity. The Bride-flower in openwork laces is replaced by the elegant, reserved bride. The Skirt-klesh, the strict bodice which is coming to an end with cape on a waist. The Collar-rack. There, where there was a low-necked cut, - a lacy insert. From the past there were only sleeves with bufami above and a narrow long cuff from an elbow. The wedding dress of XIX century prepares for main recesses.

If knew beauties of the XIX-th century that They will make with a wedding dress of their grand daughter and the great-granddaughter … would not believe, for example, that the wedding dress can be short and bare feet. And capricious, wishing in all and always to be original grand daughters have arrived so. Girls who listen to a jazz, smoke cigarettes in long mouthpieces, glamurno use eye shadow dark shades, dance a modern Charleston, are not held down by prejudices. The corset and a long dress are not necessary to them. They have subdued the man the extravagant independence. And in day of wedding do not change to habits. The bride of 20-30th years is dressed in white direct, very simple dress, length hardly below a knee. The waistline is lowered on hips, the figure reminds the boyish. A beauty ideal - very harmonous, to the angularity, living an active life and a going in for sports girl. The veil is thrown over very short hair, over a veil the orange blossom is put on. Style so to carry a veil with a wreath reminds fitting hats-kettles which stretched low, on the forehead, and were then fashionable. The dress has direct long sleeves. As celebratory, well, the bride will unostentatiously decorate a bottom of a dress and veil edge with the embroidered curls. In addition accessories - gloves, a handbag. Great Koko Chanel has helped the bride to become such, having told once, that truly elegant clothes should not hold down movement. In 50 again carry a womanly wedding dress. The man also has insisted on it - Christian Dior. A narrow waist, pritalennyj a bodice, a magnificent skirt-crinoline - just as once. But … the length of a skirt only covers knees. And at last, all know, that the wedding dress 60 became shocking mini.

Contrary to a popular belief in changeability of female nature, the novel with high heels proceeds at a fine half of mankind already some honeycombs of years. Heels give feminity, improve a figure, help to feel a life on “all hundred”. They fashionable, beautiful and dangerous tools of female appeal. From the very beginning occurrence of heels could be caused two principal causes:

1) the decorative purposes (increase in growth of the carrier of heels),

2) the practical requirements dictated by definite purposes of use of heels in a daily life.

So, by people at footwear manufacturing it has been noticed, that its that part which adjoins to a heel, it is used up much faster the others. Therefore gradually on a sole and in a back part of footwear there was some thickening serving to the practical purpose of increase of service life of footwear. However on this historical moment still it is impossible to speak about occurrence of heels as some special "support" under footwear.

Meanwhile, scientists yet have not absolutely found out, whence conducts the origin a fashion on heels.

In Ancient Egypt footwear made of the papyrus. Carry it at an early stage of statehood the Pharaoh and its confidants could only. It is interesting, that the spouse of the Pharaoh did not concern number of confidants and went barefoot. Such sandals kingly cost. Gerodot has somehow written, that on manufacturing of one pair sandals for the Pharaoh the revenue of an average city left.

To Egypt the history is obliged also by the heel invention without which it is impossible to present modern footwear. Them not Pharaohs and priests, and simple grain-growers whom heels created a necessary emphasis that it was easier to move on the friable earth However, carried.

Notable Romans at first put on feet something like gloves (them pulled on each finger). Then it the Greek sandals have attracted — and has begun! Sandals modernised, on them there were embroideries, metal ornaments in the form of lion's muzzles, chains, wreaths etc.

There was a special footwear for plebeians, philosophers, for Senate visiting. Chaste ladies needed to have the closed footwear, and women of easy behaviour carried sandals — to show beauty of the feet. The appreciable contribution to footwear history was brought also by Ancient Greek heteras. Under their order shoemakers lined with nails footwear so that it left traces with an inscription “Follow me”.

The following period of time when we see loan of practice of carrying of footwear on a heel, concerns by 15-16 centuries. For this century – centuries of the Renaissance – the underlined aspiration upwards, an eminence of the person symbolising by self over the validity (from here and the form of Gothic architecture of that time aspiring upwards) in general was characteristic. This aspiration has well proved and in a fashion on footwear. So, the big distribution was received by shoes – chopine which represented similarity of sandals on a platform executed from a tree or a stopper. The height of heels of such "sandals" was magnificent – from 14 to 60 see it is necessary to be surprised only how noble ladies could keep balance on such stilts. Though, of course, such fashion played on a hand to their companions which had a chance in literal sense on a step not to release from itself the girlfriend. Such adherence to "self-eminence" has allowed an occasion to traveller John Evelinu to characterise women of that time in the diary as ladies «half from a flesh, half from a tree». Though, for the sake of justice it is necessary to notice, that such extravagant fashion has concerned not only women; men too willingly got for themselves such sandals (though, the height of their platforms was much less).

All world has apprehended this fashion as a certain similarity of circus representation, however already in the end of 16 - the beginning of 17 centuries of the woman of Spain, France and Sweden is proud paced in precisely same sandals.

The French revolution of 1789 has deprived of ladies of high heels almost for 50 years. Ladies' shoes of a Napoleonic epoch remind modern ballet slippers. Europe was captured by idea of "simplification" of a way of life. Doctors, philosophers, vysokolobye intellectuals have openly opposed unhealthy corsets, narrow shoes on high heels and, strangely enough, have won. In the Parisian streets there were ladies with a short hairstyle, in dresses from thin fabrics and in sandals on a flat sole. But to newly made emperor Napoleon Bonaparte such fashion has not attracted. The fashion has reversed, and bulky crinolines have returned to clothes of the Parisian beauties and “a waist in a corset”, and. And heels remained in exile. All the matter is that is good for dancing ability at that time was considered obligatory, and what can be more convenient for dances, than silk shoes-slippers on a thin leather sole?

And only in the end of 19 centuries the high heel has drawn again attention of fashion designers, but already as a symbol of female appeal.

Certainly, speaking about a fashion origin on a heel, it is necessary to mention such absolutely recent invention which, nevertheless, has made revolution in representation about aesthetic properties of footwear, – about the heel-hairpin invention. There was it in the fifties in France when the set of fashion designers worked in a direction of creation of the models underlining a youth and beauty of women. Here again besides the name of the inventor remains under cover of a history gloom: so, at once some known fashion designers of France argue on superiority of creation of the given model of footwear. Shoes on a hairpin had as never by the way. And it is very fast practically all stars sported them, setting an example to other women of a planet.

Now, also as well as it is a lot of years back, women carry heels to be allocated from crowd, to underline the fragility and grace. The fashion history on heels is not added yet, she still waits for the enthusiastic admirers.

BULGARIA

Republic Bulgaria

The area: 110,9 thousand км2.

Population: 8,8 million persons (1998).

State language: the Bulgarian.

Capital: Sofia (1,3 million inhabitants, 1994).

The state holiday: Day of clearing of Bulgaria from osmanskogo yokes (on March, 3rd, since 1878).

Monetary unit: a lion.

The member of the United Nations since 1955 Enters into the Council of Europe since 1992

The state is located in Southern Europe in the northeast of Balkan peninsula. Borders on Romania, Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In the east it is washed by waters of Black sea.

It cтрана on all seasons. Infinite sand of beaches along coast of Black sea involve to Bulgaria in the summer, and snow-covered hillsides and sparkling coniferous woods - in the winter.

Climate of Bulgaria – moderately continental, transitive to Mediterranean (the extreme south). The average temperature of January makes from +2 With to-2 C, July - to +25 C. Mid-annual quantity of deposits of 500-600 mm.

Language

Official Bulgarian, also are used Russian, English, German.

Creed

Orthodoxy, is Moslems-sunnity.

Political system

Republic with parliamentary management. The head of the state is the president, and constantly operating Supreme regulatory authority - unicameral National meeting.

Time zone

Coincides with the Kiev.

Flight/moving

To Bulgaria from Ukraine it is possible to reach a regular flight Kiev — Sofia and charter-parties Kiev — Plovdiv companies "Aeroretinues". To the Bulgarian capital there is a train from Kiev.

The visa of Bulgaria

For visa reception to Bulgaria are necessary: the passport; 1 photos; the questionnaire; the insurance.

Interview is not required. Cost of registration of the visa — 20 euros. To children till 16 years and to persons is more senior 60 years of the visa stand out free of charge. For children till 16 years leaving with one parent or without parents, the visa stands out in the presence of notarially certified permission of the second parent or both parents.

For the tourists travelling on own car, the log copy is necessary.

The visa is valid for the period which has been declared by the addressee. The transit Romanian visa stands out to the tourists, travelling motor transport. It is made out week and costs from $30.

Customs of Bulgaria

Duty-free import of cigarettes — to 200 pieces, tobacco products — to 250 g, fault — to 2 l, strong spirits — to 1 l, spirits — 50 ml is resolved. Computers and other expensive things are subject to declaring of a jewelry, a videocamera. Import and export of drugs, the weapon, medpreparatov (except medicines for a private use), protected kinds of animals and plants, and also the subjects representing historical, art or other value is forbidden.

Among the economic and cultural centres the leading place is occupied with Sofia. It is one of the youngest capitals in Europe, become by the main city of Bulgaria in 1879, soon after clearing of the power of Ottoman empire. Located at mountain Vitoshi bottom, the city amazes with greens abundance. A lay-out basically radially-ring. In Sofia many the most interesting monuments and the big sculptural groups concerning by different historical epoch. Among them — a building of National meeting, Alexander Nevskogo's cathedral, a mosque in city centre.

The biggest city of southern Bulgaria and the economic centre of region — Plovdiv having centuries-old history. Here there was a capital of Thrace, and then ancient Filippopol — capital of Macedonian tsar Phillip II. In the centre — the ancient small streets rising on slopes of picturesque rocky hills on which slopes the rests of the Roman fortifications here and there are visible. This part of a city remains as architecturally-historical reserve.

Varna - the biggest city and port of northern Bulgaria, the largest industrial centre. It is located on the bank of the sea gulf with the same name on an extensive, equal terrace towering over the sea. The southern part of a city an amphitheatre goes down to moorings of port and extensive Varnensky lake. Ruse — industrial centre and port on Danube. Near to it the big two-story bridge through the river is located are main overland gate of Bulgaria through which transportation of cargoes and passengers to Romania and other countries is carried out.

Gabrovo is in the geographical centre of the country, at northern slopes of a ridge Stara Planina, on the trading way conducting from Danube on the south through convenient Shipkinsky pass. This industrial city a narrow multikilometer strip lasts along the valley of the river Jantry clamped by mountains.

City It is great-tyrnovo costs on high hills, it is formed It is great-tyrnovyh the river cutting a calcareous plateau. Has entered into the Bulgarian history in 1185 when tyrnovskie feudal lords brothers-boyars Asen and Peter have headed revolt against Byzantium dominating then on the Balkans, and have based the Second Bulgarian kingdom. The city has reached the big blossoming. Ancient annals named it «Tsargrad Tyrnovo», «the Spouse of Constantinople». On hill TSarevets ruins of an imperial palace, houses court and sets of churches up to now have remained. Now TSarevets it is transformed into archaeological reserve.

The choice of hotels is wide enough. Along with absolutely inexpensive three-stars there are also the hotels of new generation having the full right to be called four-and five-stars. Their worthy competitors are small and inexpensive family hotels, including cottages in which to visitors are provided calmness, a cosiness and a house food. And tourists receive the guaranteed level of service everywhere, besides they get to atmosphere of special kindliness, so characteristic for Bulgaria.

However, all it should affect the prices - cheap Bulgaria now to name it is impossible. However, if to compare it to other resort powers, it in Europe one of the most accessible, and with worthy and constantly growing quality of rest.

Resorts of northern coast, such as the Mermaid, Albena, Gold sand, Riviera, the Sunny day, St. Konstantin and Elena, differ the developed infrastructure and the European quality of service. Here it is a lot of bars, discos, restaurants, shops and a rich night life.

At southern coast resort complexes Solar coast, Dunes - a resort working on system "all inclusive", and small silent seaside small towns are located: nesebr, Sozopol, Pomorze, Kiten, Ravda.

In the winter Bulgaria invites tourists to the mounting skiing resorts which provide good level of service at reasonable prices.

As the ornament and protection of hands of a glove are known since ancient times. From the moment of the beginning of their use, the history totals set of interesting cases and traditions that gives to the given accessory certain symbolism.

Initially gloves were not luxury goods, and is faster necessity means. They were made of set of inexpensive materials and used by shepherds, peasants and soldiers of different times. With the advent of social classes, gloves began to symbolise the status of their owner.

The first gloves looked exotically enough: small sacks for hands which fastened on a wrist. Such gloves have appeared for the first time for some millenia B.C. in Ancient Egypt, scientists assure. Later in sacks have made a special ledge for the big finger. It is considered, what exactly in these gloves of the Egyptian of a fur-tree and worked not to spoil hands. One of the most ancient gloves has been found by archeologists at excavation of tomb Tutanhamona. In a glove of the Pharaoh, unlike its predecessors, all fingers were divided.

Ancient Greeks did not approve the people carrying gloves, including their mollycoddles. Weather on the Balkans, as well as now, stood warm so there was no necessity in addition to protect a hand. Basically Greeks put on gloves only for work. The Homere has a place where Odysseus finds the father in gloves behind weeding of weeds. But in Ancient Rome gloves carried practically all. Romans protected hands not only from a cold and a dirt, but also from hot meal. In dense gloves it was much more convenient to take pieces of burning food, than naked hands, and tablewares at them were not.

In the glove Middle Ages began to use special demand. It is amusing, that some of them bore a strong resemblance varezhki, as, for example, to gloves of soldiers from iron plates or leather gloves of hunters. However, rich and notable townspeople carried gloves with all fingers. The most beautiful and gloves of kings and the higher clergy, embroidered by silver, gold and jewels were expensive.

Since XII th century of a glove became articles of prime necessity and the importance in female clothes.

Gloves decorated various colour embroideries, sbryzgivali spirits, decorated jewels and pearls.

In the medieval countries of a glove served not only an ornament, a luxury and elegance sign – they became a difference and power symbol, a sign distinguishing representatives of the nobility. To the beginning of XVIII century in a man's fashion laces and buttons are considered as refinement and riches signs. Because of magnificent and long cuffs of a glove practically are not visible and consequently gradually lose an urgency. Them carry, but any value to them do not give. But the fashion on ladies' gloves prospers. Women change this subject of clothes on three-four times a day.

In 1807 Englishman James Vinter invents the car for manufacturing of leather gloves. Simultaneously there are rubber models.

The hobby for antiquity in the end of XVIII - the beginning of XIX centuries was reflected and in a suit. Representatives of the higher estate wished to be nymphs and goddesses. Dresses sewed from easy transparent fabrics, almost without sleeves. Now gloves and miteni, or mitts (gloves without fingers) became necessary addition of a female toilet long, above an elbow.

To the middle of 19 centuries of a glove were sewed manually, and then the special car which pressed product edges so has been invented, that they well kept also connections were hardly appreciable. The present gloves from husky to dress it was very difficult, therefore this operation was made only at home. Rules of etiquette of that time demanded, that in public places the person always remained in gloves.

In XX th century the industry of manufacturing of gloves has undergone the most drama changes that has been caused by sharp social changes, in particular last 30 years, that finally has led to the actual legend of the given area to oblivion.

Till 1930th years of a glove were considered as a sign on elegance and an original symbol of present "lady" which carries gloves all year, along with a hat and stockings. Actually, the sunbathed hands were considered as an accessory sign to working class. A legend it or not, but once Russian emperor Nikolay I, the big adherent of an order, has seen on ball of the officer without gloves and has considered it as inconceivable impudence. Reigning the officer has answered the remark, that has lost gloves. Then Nikolay I has given it the.

Women in Russia had no long time of gloves. Even in inventories of treasury of tsarinas this subject of clothes is seldom mentioned. Notable yes the rich hid hands in the winter in warm sleeves of fur coats, in mufty, and that is poorer, carried mittens, as well as men.

At men in some districts of a glove were an indispensable accessory of a suit of the matchmaker. In the Vologda province them cut from black cloth and covered with embroideries from prjadenogo gold, in Voronezh - knitted from various colour threads.

Presently gloves of the most different kind and appointment became even more, than before. There are gloves boxing, baseball, for motorcyclists, bicyclists, billiard-players … and even computer (replacing keyboard and the mouse).

The brand representing female and men's wear, and also every possible accessories, perfumery, points, kozhgalantereju etc.

Roberto Kavalli was born in Florence in 1940 in a family of known artists. Juseppe Rossi, the well-known Florentine artist-impressionist which works are in galleree Uffitstsi was its grandfather on a parent line. Following family traditions, Roberto studied in the famous Florentine Academy of Arts, seizing key knowledge and skills in the field of design and the fine arts.

Kavalli left on a track of world art in 1960, the decade which has marked, as turning point in a fashion. Owing to the not ordinary temperament and the greatest talent, it could combine the knowledge received in academy with new trends of time, new representations about music and a fashion to develop the unique and unique style. The inspired, eclectic, original artist soon was engaged in experiments with new materials in own printing workshop.

Career most Roberto Kavalli, the grandson of well-known impressionist Juseppe Rossi, has begun with list of T-shorts which were on sale having a rest on beaches to the Sen-track and Azure coast. Today collections Kavalli snatch away celebrities, among which Dzhennifer Lopez, the Madonna, Holl Beri, Salma Hayek and Sting.

In 60th years Roberto Kavalli has patented revolutionary technology of drawing of drawing on a skin, and in 70 has presented the first works in the scrappy technics which has become today by classics. With name Kavalli skin occurrence in haute couture world communicates. Thanks to the ability to make out original in ordinary, the designer has forced the fashion world to change the relation to this material, having transformed it in a refinement and elevated style symbol.

Clothes Roberto Cavalli are presented in the most prestigious shops of the world and own boutiques in Venice, Paris, New York, the Dignity-bartolomi, the Crane-montana, Milan, Rome, Florence, Marbeje, to Capri and in the Sen-track.

In 1972 Roberto Kavalli has let out the first collection of clothes which has been made from denima – a material, till that time used at working clothes sewing. The designer have noticed. After that he has invented the well-known scrappy technics, and then has shown to all world as it is possible to use technics of laser drawing of drawing on clothes. Eventually Kavalli has proved to all world, that from a skin it is possible to sew not only outer clothing, but also tremendous evening dresses. Soon in the clothes it began to use motives of Africa and the wild nature, than will deserve to itself glory forever. It has embodied an image of the woman-hishchnitsy in a fashion.

After that the talent of the master has estimated also the West. In 1999 Kavalli opens the first boutique in America. To clothes line collections of linen, bathing suits, points, bags, hours, footwear, the goods for the house, and also children's clothes were gradually added. In 2002 to the public there was perfume for women Roberto Cavalli, and in 2003 – man's Cavalli Man. In 2007 Kavalli has started to co-operate with Swedish concern HM in which frameworks were vypusheny suits, evening dresses and style clothes casual.

Roberto Kavalli always aspires to transform mediocre both ordinary in fine and extraordinary. He does not love, when it name the fashion designer, and prefers, that of it thought, how about the artist of a fashion. Kavalli "does" style which cannot be confused with any another, the style offering to the woman sensuality and energy.

«I adore the women, all women», — he declares. And women, really, play the big role in his life, and loving wife Eve, former Miss Universe, helps it with design work and inspires on the future masterpieces. For the sake of participation in its display legendary Sindi Crawford can interrupt the termless creative holiday.

Kavalli has managed not simply to think up a fashionable brand – it has created new style of the life which uniqueness consists that it imposes also to teenagers, with pleasure sporting in clothes of youth line Just Cavalli, and the solid business lady.

The basic style: Its collections are sexual to last thread, yes so, that on displays electrified air crackles. Its woman - a wild cat, vicious and found, magnificent so, that at men is turned a head.

Company MaxMara has been based in the early fifties the last century. At that time glorified couturiers corrected the fashion world, serving a narrow circle of clients - aristocrats and the Hollywood stars. During this critical time young Italian Akille Maramotti starts to create fashionable, convenient and accessible clothes under the price.

In city of Redzhio Emilija in the end of the last century the great-grandmother of the founder of firm Akille Maramotti sewed clothes for women. Then his mother has based a cut and sewing vocational school. Akille has continued family tradition. First collection MaxMara has been presented in 1951. Pure lines and a successful cut of models were a success. In 1958 manufacture has reached industrial volume. Today company MaxMara takes the third place on industrial production in Italy.

In 1969 youth line Sportmax is created. This step has been made towards to young women at the age from 18 till 30 years, wishing to feel comfortable, but thus to look effective.

Emmanuel Caen, Charles Lagerfeld, Luchiano Soprani, Gi Half-flax and Anna-Maria Beretta by then already co-operated with the company, but about it it was not known yet to buyers. Designers working over collections varied, but there was invariable irreproachably elegant style MaxMara.

In the English dictionary opposite to a word «mulberry» you, can see transfer «a mulberry, or a mulberry tree». But not each dictionary will write that this word conceals in itself also the name of one of leading houses of a fashion of Britain.

Birth Mulberry, probably, has been conceived by the nature, after all founders of firm were inspired not that by others, as a unique combination of a cool of an English city to charming rural landscapes. That is why already shortly after opening in 1971 the company became so popular among British.

Notebooks, organizers and even accessories for dogs – production set simply amazes female and man's, road bags, purses, scarfs and ties, cuff links and jewels, points, charms with the immensity!

Advantage of bags Mulberry always there is a good skin. The important moment is also that fact, that over manufacture local handicraftsmen and umeltsy which co-operate with the fashion house work. That is about quality of production it is possible and not to doubt. Besides, bags will be the present find for the girl or the woman who loves reliability and a practicality. By the way, name bags from Mulberry, more often, raspostranennymi in England female names, or as the name any district serves in London.

Among true fans of mark – known model Kejt Moss. After it with bags of the same manufacturer began to appear and the Hollywood stars.

And the XXI-st century for the fashionable house was marked by release of two models of bags which the company names "eternal", that is always fashionable, – The Bayswater and The Roxanne.

In the beginning of 2008 the house of fashion Mulberry declared the plans to let out and footwear. It becomes possible as the company has signed the contract with known London obuvshchikom Dzhonatanom Kelsi (Jonathan Kelsey). It has already developed a collection of female and man's footwear. It will be as footwear for riding, and baletki and evening shoes on a heel.

The company has the shops not only in Britain, but also in America, Asia. But nevertheless the London shop remains unique. Shop Mulberry on New Bond Street is whole creative gallery. And really, indifferent to this beauty, for certain, does not remain, after all the premise is decorated by the best London floral artists. For example, throughout May of this year "hit" in interior registration there will be the magnificent blossoming tree issued in colour scale of a collection «Весна/лето-2008».

And here materials for creation of floral artists of a steel, besides colours, a moss, a bark of a pith tree and … the processed waste of plastic. That, one more acknowledgement to that Mulberry also is not going to change to traditions of a combination of the city and rural environment.

The house of fashion Celine - one famous houses of a fashion in the world. It delivers more than 50 years on court of the world fashionable public the goods of the French quality of a class pret-a-porte de luxe.

Annually designers Celine develop not one new collection where accessories enter, clothes, perfume and bags. The company annual turnover is estimated in millions euro.

Mark Celine has begun in 1945 with manufacture of children's footwear. Having emphasised durability, manufacturers have not forgotten about luxury and comfort.

In 1959 the firm has let out moccasins with well-known "bridles" which have involved a female audience, in 1963 - become cult a leather bracelet in the form of three bound “horse bridles”, and in 1966 - not less cult bag Poni.

1969 when display of the first collection pret-a-porter has taken place became a rotary point of development. Special appeal of a collection was given by an accessory bohemian Rive Gauche, to the Parisian Left coast where world-wide well-known “the antibourgeois Parisian glamour” traditionally is born.

Madam Selin Vipiana not too was afraid of new times and courageous decisions: «When I have decided to create the clothes, many, throwing up the hands, sighed, that the woman in search of a dress will not go to footwear shop. All of them were mistaken». Selin has foreseen powerful growth of female activity, acceleration of rate of a life and the change connected with it in needs: mission of clothes and accessories Celine consisted in that in this gushed circulation the woman felt comfortably and looked elegantly. Therefore till now also it is accepted to come into the shop with the same name in search of an ideal polo-neck or in good sense simple, that is deprived of pretentiousness ilishnih details of trousers.

The well-known American Michael Kors who has come to the House in 1997 became the first foreign designer who has interfered with process. Its presence has provided to mark a new wave of flatter responses from experts and clients and has made its one of key participants of world fashionable process. For Korsom important Italian Roberto Meniketti has followed, and two years ago it was replaced scandalously by the unknown young Croatian by name Ivan Omazhich.

Brand CELINE has won popularity in the market of the exclusive goods thanks to excellent quality and excellent design. Elite mark CELINE is presented in all fashionable capitals: Paris, Geneva, Los Angeles, Toronto. Not so long ago this list of the elite included also Moscow.

Models of collections of house Celine are cosmopolitan and simultaneously reflect classical forms of France, surprisingly combine sexuality and a practicality, glamur and purely French glamour.

The clothes from Celine are intended for the vigorous, confident and self-sufficient women, free from stereotypes and the deprived conformism.

The main advantage of models from Celine, as well as it is a lot of years back, that they allow to put on as it is convenient, thus remaining is invariably elegant and stylish.

Mark Dzhejkobs was born in 1963 in New York, Parsons has ended the well-known school. In 1986 has let out the first big collection, and in 1989 it and its partner Robert Daffi (their company was called «Jacobs Duffy Designs») have passed to work in a large firm «Perry Ellis» where began to be engaged in creation of female lines of clothes. In 1993 Mark Dzhejkobs the first has deduced on a podium style granzh. Models have been dressed in huge shirts from a flannel, the extended sweaters and massive army boots, and all it in a combination to thin dresses in a floret, stylised under second-hand articles from a flea market. The collection has made sensation, but clients of firm refused to pay in 1,5 thousand dollars for an "old" dress.

Therefore since 1993 Mark Dzhejkobs starts to work under own label. The collection «Falling stars» again has drawn 1994 attention of public: brilliant gold skirts; trousers in a combination with red and bright green topami from knifes; T-shorts with sleeves from a sheepskin and tweed jackets with hoods. The sports glamour (a strength of the American school) in daily clothes has received at Dzhakobsa a new life. Mark describes the style as «the simple things executed from magnificent fabrics».

Since 1997 Dzhejkobs does clothes and accessories for the ancient French House Lui Vuittona which glory was made by leather accessories. With Mark's arrival the line of clothes of the House (before playing a supporting role) began to set the fashion in the fashion world though at first its reserved white blouses, long skirts and trousers without pockets and fasteners have been apprehended a little cool. Having decorated with logos LV not only bags, but also fabrics, Mark initiated new boom logomanii (similar was not about 80th). Collections Dzhejkobsa for House Lui Vuittona is a comfort (direct skirts, blouses-shirts, the trousers of a pipe executed from modern materials), nervous elegance (narrow, but a mobile silhouette) and image of known mark (large drawings, frequent use of a logo, the courageous details stopping attention, — cuts, fasteners, accessories).

Addressing to experience of last decades, the designer never uses direct citations. While others searched for original things of that time on shops, Dzhejkobs has invited Stephen Sprauza (creating clothes of 80th) which has decorated a fabric graffiti. So ideas of the past have refracted through a prism soyovremennosti.

Points — a thing so universal and habitual what to do justice to greatness of this invention somehow even does not come to mind. And meanwhile, still 800 years ago points were unknown, and 1000 years ago no means of correction of the spoilt sight existed at all. Short-sighted young men could not choose for themselves many kinds of activity even if they to them had abilities. The age far-sightedness overtaking at mature age everything, compelled the most active members of a society to depart from affairs when they only reached the blossoming of knowledge and skill, — because of a far-sightedness they could not read (in particular to supervise account books) and to write, or to perform thin, masterful work. Absence of points in this connection, resulted not only in personal dependence and dependence of people with bad sight, but was also a brake on a way of development of all society — cultures, sciences, commerce, crafts and arts.

Points were included into the use in the Middle Ages. Exact date and a place of their invention, as well as their founder, are unknown. Properties of lenses to increase the image of subjects or to do by their more accurate, apparently, were known in Ancient Rome. The Roman emperor Neron who had weak sight, under the legend, used specially ground stone — smaragdom (emerald) when observed fight of gladiators on arena. Its teacher, philosopher Seneka, noticed, that at examining through the glass sphere filled with water, the small and not clear letter it seems more largely and razborchivee.

In 1280 the attention steklovara was involved with a drop of the fallen asleep glass. The master took it in hands and has seen, that it is capable to increase subjects. Then at it the idea of use of this feature for correction of senile sight was born. So in 1280 there was a first documentary fixed prototype of points.

In 1300-1301 the Venetian state council does not allow to use bad glass for manufacture of points; these purposes suits only good, that is crystal.

Thus, it is possible to consider, that in the end of HSH centuries in Italy points already well-known. However long time they were very expensive, that spoke difficulty of manufacturing of rather pure and transparent glasses. They along with jewelry were included in the wills by kings, princes and other rich people.

However, demand for points then big was not. Very few people was able to read and write in those days, was also books a little: hand-written prayer books, chronicles, compositions of ancient classics. Therefore men of means used points only formed, most.

When in the middle of XV century publishing has been invented, the requirement for points has increased also: their advantage for suffering a far-sightedness became obvious. Concave glasses for the short-sighted have been invented considerably later-in XVI century.

That at lens edges did not appear skoly, a lens have started to frame obodkami: at first wooden, and later the horn. Then masters have thought up to connect obodki a handle to a pin, like scissors. Though it was and it is not so convenient, but nevertheless has allowed to fix somehow lenses on a nose. The idea to adhere a string for obodki frames and to hook on it behind ears has appeared only in XVI century.

After occurrence zaushnikov masters have thought up rigid connection obodkov on the centre. So points had a nose bridge, and process of formation of basic elements ochkovoj frames has ended. Numerous variations concerned different cultures (for example, rope outsets have been applied earlier and were used longer in the east owing to a structure of the person of local inhabitants).

Level with the frame form in each country materials for manufacturing of frames developed also. In Europe as the main criterion simplicity of processing and profitability acted. In the east the main emphasis became on magic properties of materials. For example, the turtle, therefore a frame made of a tortoise armour was considered as a longevity symbol, should make a long-liver of the one who carries it. For lenses sacred stones, such as rock crystal, transparent or smoky quartzes, amethyst and topazes were often used. Frequently these lenses have not been intended for sight correction, they only protected eyes that underlines a status role of points which people of a certain rank could carry only. It is interesting to recollect, that traditionally the emperor was esteemed as the son of the sun on the earth, therefore come nearer to it court could, only having put on points, as though protecting eyes at a meeting with a deity.

As it is paradoxical, doctors during the long period disapproved of points. So, known Saxon oculist George Bartish, the author of one of the first managements by the eye illnesses, published in 1583, forbade to wear glasses and considered their harmful to eyes.

Only in XIX century, thanks to works of such scientists as Ship's boys, Gelmgolts and Donders, the optical defects which have opened essence of an eye (short-sightedness, far-sightednesses, astigmatizma, senile easing of sight), selection of points finds a strong scientific basis and to it start to be engaged doctors. To the beginning of our century the technology of this selection which basically is not differing from the today's is developed: at first by means of devices objectively define defect of sight and its degree, and then select the lenses in the best way correcting this defect.